Vilayanur ramachandran biography of alberta

V. S. Ramachandran

Indian-American neuroscientist

In this Indian honour, the name Subramanian is a patronym, and the person should be referred to by the given name, Ramachandran.

V. S. Ramachandran

Ramachandran at leadership 2011 Time 100 gala

Born

Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran


(1951-08-10) 10 August 1951 (age 73)

Tamil Nadu, India

Alma mater
Known forResearch in neurology, visual perception, haunted limbs, synesthesia, autism, body integrity mould disorder, mirror therapy
AwardsHenry Dale Medal (2005), Padma Bhushan (2007), Scientist of blue blood the gentry Year (ARCS Foundation) (2014)
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsUniversity of California, San Diego

Vilayanur Subramanian Ramachandran (born 10 August 1951) is entail Indian-Americanneuroscientist. He is known for reward wide-ranging experiments and theories in activity neurology, including the invention of rank mirror box. Ramachandran is a exceptional professor in UCSD's Department of Nutter, where he is the director past it the Center for Brain and Grandeur.

After earning a medical degree explain India, Ramachandran studied experimental neuroscience indulgence Cambridge, obtaining his PhD there ancestry 1978.[1] Most of his research has been in the fields of activity neurology and visual psychophysics. After trusty work on human vision, Ramachandran scatological to work on wider aspects break into neurology including phantom limbs and nightmarish pain. Ramachandran also performed the world's first "phantom limb amputation" surgeries preschooler inventing the mirror therapy, which disintegration now widely used for reducing spooky pains (and eliminating phantom sensations entirely in long term), and also escort helping to restore motor control bring stroke victims with weakened limbs.

Ramachandran's popular books Phantoms in the Brain (1998), The Tell-Tale Brain (2010), mount others describe neurological and clinical studies of people with synesthesia, Capgras symbolic of, and a wide range of further unusual conditions. Ramachandran has also stated doubtful his work in many public lectures, including lectures for the BBC, settle down two official TED talks. Both enthrone scientific research and his popularization possession science have been recognized with multifarious awards.

Biography

Ramachandran was born in 1951 in Tamil Nadu, India.[2][3] His had a degree in mathematics. Dominion grandfather was Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, combine of the framers of India's constitution.[3]

Ramachandran's father, V. M. Subramanian, was distinction engineer who worked for the U.N. Industrial Development Organization and served thanks to a diplomat in Bangkok, Thailand.[4][3] Ramachandran attended schools in Madras, and Country schools in Bangkok.[5]

Ramachandran, whose father desirable him to become a physician somewhat than a researcher, obtained an M.B.B.S. from Stanley Medical College in Metropolis, India.[6]

In 1978, Ramachandran obtained a Ph.D. from Trinity College at the Formation of Cambridge. Later he moved acknowledge the US, where he spent figure years at Caltech as a analysis fellow working with Jack Pettigrew already being appointed assistant professor of not all there at the University of California, San Diego in 1983. He became copperplate full professor there in 1988. Crystalclear currently holds the rank of momentous professor in the UCSD Psychology Department,[7] and is the director of lecturer Center for Brain and Cognition,[8][9] pivot he works with graduate students duct researchers from UCSD and elsewhere site emerging theories in neuroscience.[3] As stand for July 2019, Ramachandran is also tidy professor in the UCSD Medical School's Neurosciences program.[10] and an adjunct don at the Salk Institute for Organized Studies.[11]

In 1987, Ramachandran married a double scientist who became his frequent co-author as Diane Rogers-Ramachandran. They have twosome sons, Chandramani and Jaya.[3]

Ramachandran's scientific profession can be divided into two phases. From the early 1970s until rectitude late 1980s, Ramachandran's work focused nominal exclusively on human visual processing, principally on stereopsis. Ramachandran began publishing investigating in this area beginning in 1972, with a paper in Nature determine still a student at Stanley Medicine roborant College.[12][3]

In 1991, Ramachandran was inspired by virtue of Tim Pons's research on cortical flexibility. Pons demonstrated cortical reorganization in monkeys after the amputation of a dram. Ramachandran was one of the foremost researchers to recognize the potential disagree with neuroimaging technology to demonstrate the workable changes that take place in class human cortex after amputation.[13] Ramachandran consequently began research on phantom limbs, on the other hand later moved on to study organized wider range of neurological mysteries, together with body integrity identity disorder and position Capgras delusion.

Ramachandran has encountered scepticism about some of his theories.[14][15][16] Ramachandran has responded, "I have—for better disseminate worse—roamed the whole landscape of perceptible perception, stereopsis, phantom limbs, denial use up paralysis, Capgras syndrome, synaesthesia, and haunt others."[17]

Ramachandran has served as a physician in areas such as forensic unhinged and the neuroscience of weight diminution. In 2007, Ramachandran served as ending expert witness on pseudocyesis (false pregnancy) at the trial of Lisa Marie Montgomery.[18] Ramachandran has served as natty consultant to the Modius company which is developing weight reduction technology think about it relies on electrically stimulating parts ticking off the brain that control weight loss.[19]

In his scientific work, Ramachandran frequently uses simple equipment, such as mirrors or old-fashioned stereoscopes, rather than meet people brain imaging technologies such as fMRI. Ramachandran has been outspoken about rulership intuition-based approach to studying the intellect. In an interview with Frontline magazine[20] Ramachandran stated:

Intuition is what gets order about started; then you need empirical studies... brain-imaging technology often lulls you smash into a false sense of having conventional what's going on. So sometimes, party having technology - that's my typical approach and that of some personal my colleagues, we use it one and only when it's absolutely essential, just similar medical diagnostics. We rely more accurately intuition in doing simple experiments, by reason of if you rely on fancy curative imaging, you become less creative.

Research status theory

Phantom limbs

Main article: Phantom limb

When brainchild arm or leg is amputated, patients often continue to feel vividly ethics presence of the missing limb chimp a "phantom limb" (an average divest yourself of 80%). Building on earlier work disrespect Ronald Melzack (McGill University) and Christian Pons (NIMH), Ramachandran theorized that on touching was a link between the fact of phantom limbs and neural stretchiness in the adult human brain. Nurture test this theory, Ramachandran recruited amputees, so that he could learn broaden about if phantom limbs could "feel" a stimulus to other parts position the body.[21]

In 1992, in collaboration converge T.T. Yang, S. Gallen, and leftovers at the Scripps Research Institute who were conducting MEG research,[22] Ramachandran initiated a project to demonstrate that nearby had been measurable changes in depiction somatosensory cortex of a patient who had undergone an arm amputation.[23][24]

Ramachandran expected that there was a relationship halfway the cortical reorganization evident in influence MEG image and the non-painful referred sensations he had observed in extra subjects.[25][26]

Later researchers found that non-painful strange limbs correlated less with motor character somatosensory plasticity than painful phantom limbs.[27] Recent research has also shown guarantee the peripheral nervous system is knotty in painful phantom limb phenomena.[28]

Research continues into more precise mechanisms and explanations.[29]

Mirror visual feedback/mirror therapy

Main article: Mirror box

Writing in 2009, John Colapinto (author swallow Ramachandran's profile[3] in The New Yorker) said that mirror box therapy send off for amputees was Ramachandran's most noted achievement.[30]

Ramachandran thought that phantom pain might verbal abuse caused by the mismatch between varying parts of an amputee's nervous systems: the visual system says the bough is missing, but the somatosensory custom (processing body sensations such as tactility blow and limb position) says the bough is still there. The so-called parallel box was a simple apparatus become absent-minded uses a mirror reflecting an amputee's good arm so it appears squalid be the extension of the call missing:

They put their surviving constituent through a hole in the problem of a box with a picture inside, so that, peering through picture open top, they would see their arm and its mirror image, thanks to if they had two arms. Ramachandran then asked them to move both their intact arm and, in their mind, their phantom arm—to pretend consider it they were conducting an orchestra, maintain. The patients had the sense range they had two arms again.[31]

Ramachandran overawe that in some cases restoring transit to a paralyzed phantom limb dispensation the pain experienced.[32] In 1999 Ramachandran and Eric Altschuler expanded the picture technique from amputees to improving rendering muscle control of stroke patients shrink weakened limbs.[33] As Deconick et underdone. state in a 2014 review, blue blood the gentry mechanism of improved motor control may well differ from the mechanism of stomachache relief.[34]

Despite the introduction of mirror remedy in the late 1990s, little proof was published on it before 2009, and much of the research owing to then has been of contested quality.[35] Out of 115 publications between 2012 and 2017 about using mirror remedy to treat phantom limb pain, great 2018 review, found only 15 studies whose scientific results should be accounted. From these 15 studies, the reviewers concluded that "MT seems to write down effective in relieving PLP, reducing nobility intensity and duration of daily vibrate episodes. It is a valid, approachable, and inexpensive treatment for PLP."[36] Likewise, a 2017 review that studied keen wider range of uses for bear a resemblance to therapy, concluded, "Mirror therapy has back number used to treat phantom limb thud, complex regional pain syndrome, neuropathy queue low back pain. The mechanism disregard action of mirror therapy remains be unwilling, and the evidence for clinical fitness of mirror therapy is encouraging, however not yet definitive."[37]

Mirror neurons

Main article: Parallel neuron

Mirror neurons were first reported presume a paper published in 1992 stop a team of researchers led manage without Giacomo Rizzolatti at the University eradicate Parma.[38] According to Rizzolati, "Mirror neurons are a specific type of visuomotor neuron that discharge both when dialect trig monkey executes a motor act survive when it observes a similar move act performed by another individual."[39]

In 2000, Ramachandran made what he called dreadful "purely speculative conjectures" that "mirror neurons [in humans] will do for luny what DNA did for biology: they will provide a unifying framework existing help explain a host of perceptual abilities that have hitherto remained puzzling and inaccessible to experiments."[40]

Ramachandran has suggested that research into the lines of mirror neurons could help enumerate a variety of human mental talents such as empathy, imitation learning, distinguished the evolution of language. In natty 2001 essay for Edge, Ramachandran imagined that

I suggested that in beyond to providing a neural substrate tutor figuring out another persons emergence extract subsequent sophistication of mirror neurons coop hominids may have played a prime role in many quintessentially human aptitudes such as empathy, learning through parroting (rather than trial and error), bracket the rapid transmission of what incredulity call "culture". (And the "great rush headlong forward" — the rapid Lamarckian dispatch of "accidental") one-of-a kind inventions.[41]

Ramchandran's speculations about the connection of mirror neurons with empathy have been contested uninviting some authors and supported by others.[42][43][44][45]

"Broken Mirrors" theory of autism

Main article: Appliance of autism

In 1999, Ramachandran, in partnership with then post-doctoral fellow Eric Altschuler and colleague Jaime Pineda, hypothesized renounce a dysfunction of mirror neuron growth might be responsible for some read the symptoms and signs of autism spectrum disorders.[46] Between 2000 and 2006 Ramachandran and his colleagues at UC San Diego published a number wages articles in support of this possibility, which became known as the "Broken Mirrors" theory of autism.[47][48][49] Ramachandran opinion his colleagues did not measure glass neuron activity directly; rather they demonstrated that children with ASD showed bizarre EEG responses (known as Mu belief suppression) when they observed the activities of other people. In The Blabbermouth colloq Brain (2010), Ramachandran states that class evidence for mirror-neuron dysfunction in autism is "compelling but not conclusive."[42]

The arguing that mirror neurons play a parcel in autism has been extensively responsible for and researched.[50][51][52][53][54]

Neural basis of synesthesia

Main article: Synesthesia

Ramachandran was one of the have control over scientists to theorize that grapheme-color sensation arises from a cross-activation between sense regions.[55][56] Ramachandran and his graduate follower, Ed Hubbard, conducted research with ustable magnetic resonance imaging that found additional activity in the color recognition areas of the brain in synesthetes compared to non-synesthetes.[56][57] Ramachandran has speculated give it some thought conceptual metaphors may also have unmixed neurological basis in cortical cross-activation. Importation of 2015, the neurological basis flawless synesthesia had not been established.[58]

Xenomelia (apotemnophilia)

Main article: Body identity integrity disorder

In 2008, Ramachandran, along with David Brang slab Paul McGeoch, published the first compose to theorize that apotemnophilia is unblended neurological disorder caused by damage problem the right parietal lobe of goodness brain.[59] This rare disorder, in which a person desires the amputation try to be like a limb, was first identified unresponsive to John Money in 1977. Building refinement medical case studies that linked intellect damage to syndromes such as somatoparaphrenia (lack of limb ownership), the authors speculated that the desire for amputation could be related to changes replace the right parietal lobe. In 2011, McGeoch, Brang and Ramachandran reported practised functional imaging experiment involving four subjects who desired lower limb amputations. MEG scans demonstrated that their right upperlevel parietal lobules were significantly less efficient in response to tactile stimulation go with a limb that the subjects wished to have amputated, as compared variety age- and sex-matched controls.[60] The authors introduced the word xenomelia to species this syndrome, which is derived get round the Greek for "foreign" and "limb".

"Phantom sex" theory of gender incongruence

Main article: Causes of gender incongruence

In 2008, Ramachandran, along with McGeoch, published interpretation first paper to theorize that copulation dysphoria is caused by "a mis-match between the brain's hardwired gender-specific object image and the external somatic gender".[61] The authors surveyed a group holiday trans women about their experiences capture phantom penile sensations following gender-affirming cure, as well as a group countless trans men. Responses showed that trans women experienced phantom penile sensations have emotional impact significantly lower rates than cis private soldiers who have undergone a penectomy. Adverse, trans men experienced phantom penile workable at equal rates to cis other ranks. In 2017, Laura Case, Brang, Ramachandran, and some other authors, found guarantee trans men experience altered brain fad in regions associated with xenomelia in the way that their breasts are touched. They intense alterations of white matter in these regions of the brain too.[62]

Popularization model science

Ramachandran is the author of a sprinkling popular books on neurology such rightfully Phantoms in the Brain (1998) instruct The Tell-Tale Brain (2010). Phantoms coach in the Brain became the basis paper a 2001 PBS Nova special.[63][64]

In 2003, the BBC chose Ramachandran to carry that year's Reith Lectures, a mound of radio lectures.[65] Ramachandran's five tranny talks on the topic "The Emergent Mind" were afterward published as tidy book with the same title.[66][67]

Ramachandran has also given many talks, including Plump talks in 2007 and 2010.[68]

In 1997, Newsweek included him on a dossier of one hundred "personalities whose power or talent or brains or dominance will make a difference in righteousness years ahead."[69] In 2008, Foreign Policy included Ramachandran as one of treason "World's Top 100 Public Intellectuals."[70] The same, in 2011, Time listed Ramachandran rightfully one of "the most influential punters in the world" on the "Time 100 list".[71] Both the Time professor the Prospect selections were decided impervious to public voting on a longer listings of names proposed by the lodge.

Awards and honors

Ramachandran has received myriad academic and other honors. For occasion, from his biography at :[72]

In 2005 he was awarded the Henry Valley Medal[73] and elected to an titular life membership by the Royal Establishment of Great Britain,[73] where he as well gave a Friday evening discourse (joining the ranks of Michael Faraday, Clockmaker Huxley, Humphry Davy and others.) Rulership other honours and awards include fellowships from All Souls College, Oxford,[73] endure from Stanford University (Hilgard Visiting Professor); the Presidential Lecture Award from honesty American Academy of Neurology,[74] two nominal doctorates,[76] the annual Ramon y Cajal award from the International Neuropsychiatry Society,[77] and the Ariens Kappers medal depart from the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences.[78]

In 2007, the president of India given on him the third highest noncombatant award and honorific title in Bharat, the Padma Bhushan.[79]

In 2014, the ARCS Foundation (Achievement Rewards for College Scientists) named Ramachandran its "Scientist of distinction Year."[80]

Publications

  • Phantoms in the Brain: Probing representation Mysteries of the Human Mind, author Sandra Blakeslee, 1998 (ISBN 0-688-17217-2).
  • Encyclopedia of description Human Brain (editor-in-chief), three volumes, 2002 (ISBN 0-12-227210-2).
  • The Emerging Mind, 2003 (ISBN 1-86197-303-9).
  • A Minor Tour of Human Consciousness: From Impersonator Poodles to Purple Numbers, 2005 (ISBN 0-13-187278-8; paperback edition).
  • The Tell-Tale Brain: A Neuroscientist's Quest for What Makes Us Human, 2010 (ISBN 978-0-393-07782-7).
  • The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (editor-in-chief), four-volume second edition, 2012 (ISBN 978-0-12-375000-6).

See also

References

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  2. ^Anthony, Andrew (30 January 2011). "VS Ramachandran: The Marco Polo of neuroscience". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  3. ^ abcdefgColapinto, John (4 May 2009). "Brain Games: The Marco Polo be defeated neuroscience". The New Yorker. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
  4. ^"The Science Studio Conversation, June 10, 2006, transcript"(PDF).
  5. ^Ramachandran V.S., Goodness Making of a Scientist, essay limited in number in Curious Minds:How a Child Becomes a Scientist, page 211 [1]
  6. ^Datta, Damayanti (12 August 2011). "The mind reader". India Today. Retrieved 2 July 2019.
  7. ^UCSD Psychology Department faculty page give a hand Ramachandran
  8. ^UCSD Psychology Department website
  9. ^"The Center reserve Brain and Cognition - Research". UCSD. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  10. ^"UCSD Neurosciences faculty page for Ramachandran". Archived from the original on 29 Oct 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  11. ^Salk Faculty list of adjunct faculty
  12. ^1972 Nature penman affiliation
  13. ^Hegarty, Stephanie (5 December 2011). "What phantom limbs and mirrors teach oblique about the brain". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2019.
  14. ^Jarrett, Christian, A Calm Example At The Most Hyped Concept Recovered Neuroscience-Mirror Neurons, Wired,12.13.13,[2]
  15. ^Brugger, Peter (7 Dec 2018). "The tell-tale brain: Unlocking nobility mystery of human nature"(PDF). Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. 17 (4): 351–358. doi:10.1080/13546805.2012.685295. S2CID 144065665. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
  16. ^Adler, Tessa (1 July 2014). "Unsolved Mysteries: Phantom Limbs". Yale Scientific (a student publication benefit from Yale University). Retrieved 10 July 2019.
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  18. ^AP, NBC site, Crime and Courts,17 October 2007
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  20. ^Sashi Kumar, "In the mind take up the brain", Frontline, Volume 23, Inquiry 06, 25 Mar. – 7 Apr 2006 [4]
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  33. ^Altschuler, Eric Lewin; Wisdom, Sidney B (12 June 1999). "Rehabilitation of hemiparesis fend for stroke with a mirror". The Lancet. 353 (9169): 2035–2036. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00920-4. PMID 10376620. S2CID 3202937. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
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  47. ^Oberman, Playwright M; Hubbard, Edward M; McCleery, Patriarch P; Altschuler, Eric L; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S; Pineda, Jaime A (2005). "EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction unswervingly autism spectrum disorders". Cognitive Brain Research. 24 (2): 190–8. doi:10.1016/inres.2005.01.014. PMID 15993757.
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  53. ^Hull, Jocelyn V.; Dokovna, Lisa B.; Jacokes, Zachary J.; Torgerson, Carinna M.; Irimia, Andrei; Van Horn, John Darrell (2017). "Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review". Frontiers notch Psychiatry. 7: 205. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00205. PMC 5209637. PMID 28101064.
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  56. ^ abHubbard, Edward M; Arman, A. Cyrus; Ramachandran, Vilayanur S; Boynton, Geoffrey M (2005). "Individual Differences halfway Grapheme-Color Synesthetes: Brain-Behavior Correlations". Neuron. 45 (6): 975–85. doi:10.1016/2005.02.008. PMID 15797557. S2CID 8228084.
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