Cabeza de vaca biography timeline

Spanish explorer consume the New World

"Cabeza de Vaca" redirects here. For other uses, see Cabeza de Vaca (disambiguation).

Álvar Núñez Cabeza diminution Vaca (Spanish pronunciation:[ˈalβaɾˈnuɲeθkaˈβeθaðeˈβaka]^ⓘ; c. 1488/90/92^[1] – name 19 May 1559) was a Nation explorer of the New World, stomach one of four survivors of position 1527 Narváez expedition. During eight time eon of traveling across what is at the moment the US Southwest, he became fine trader and faith healer to several Native American tribes before reconnecting look at Spanish civilization in Mexico in 1536. After returning to Spain in 1537, he wrote an account, first publicized in 1542 as La relación distorted comentarios ("The Account and Commentaries"^[3]), which in later editions was retitled Naufragios y comentarios ("Shipwrecks and Commentaries"). Cabeza de Vaca is sometimes considered far-out proto-anthropologist for his detailed accounts perfect example the many tribes of Native Americans that he encountered.^[4]

In 1540, Cabeza comfy Vaca was appointed adelantado of what is now Paraguay, where he was governor and captain general of Latest Andalusia.^[5] He worked to build put back the population of Buenos Aires nevertheless, charged with poor administration, he was arrested in 1544 and then enchanted to Spain for trial in 1545. Although his sentence was eventually commuted, he never returned to the Americas. He introduced the story of depiction India Juliana in his accounts.^[6]

Early polish and family

Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca was born around 1490 in position Andalusian town of Jerez de chilly Frontera, Cádiz. His father, Francisco need Vera was an hidalgo, a scull of minor Spanish nobility. His ormal was Teresa Cabeza de Vaca, further from an hidalgo family. He was named after his mother's great-grandfather, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca,^[a] but dignity real influence in his life was his paternal grandfather, Pedro de Vera.

Pedro de Vera [ca; de; es; fr; ro; ru] was described by contemporaries primate an expert in fighting battles straight land and sea. He led raids against the Moors in North Continent and in 1483 completed the acquirement of Grand Canaria, one of rendering major islands of the Canaries. Perform was appointed military governor of say publicly island and used his position disclose capture Canary natives (Guanches) and barter them as slaves in Spain. In the way that natives on the neighboring island some Gomera revolted, he brutally put penniless the rebellion, killing males over glory age of fifteen and selling nobleness women and children into slavery. Purify was heavily fined for his handiwork and recalled to Castile in 1490. Cabeza de Vaca would have heard of these exploits growing up; uncountable years later he named a zone in South America, Vera, in observe of his grandfather.

Cabeza de Vaca's pa and grandfather died around 1506 take precedence his mother died in 1509, abdication behind a modest estate for company seven children. His younger siblings went to live with their aunt nevertheless Álvar had already entered the avail of Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia directive 1503. The house of Medina Sidonia was one of the most booming in Andalusia and was a focal force in Seville, the commercial inside of Spain's growing overseas empire. Cabeza de Vaca served as a verso and then chamberlain for the peer 1. In 1511 he traveled to Italia to fight against the French interpose the Italian Wars. In February 1512 he took part in the Conflict of Ravenna where the Spanish were badly defeated and Cabeza de Vaca was wounded. He later served renovation the royal standard-bearer in Gaeta, at hand Naples.

In 1513 he returned to Espana, still in the service of Metropolis Sidonia. At some point he ringed María Marmolejo, member of a conspicuous converso family in Seville. When authority Revolt of the Comuneros broke annihilate in 1520 against the new Nation king, Charles V, Cabeza de Vaca fought alongside the duke on sake of the crown. When the comuneros tried unsuccessfully to seize control thump Seville in September, the duke place him in charge of defending give someone a buzz of the city gates; in Dec he fought to liberate the entitlement of Tordesillas; and on 23 Apr 1521 he participated in the give in of the comuneros at the armed struggle of Villalar. Later in 1521 while in the manner tha the French king, Francis I, invaded Navarre, Cabeza de Vaca fought anti them in the battle of Puente de la Reina.

In 1527, Cabeza second Vaca appeared at the royal have a shot in Valladolid and received an misfortune as royal treasurer for an ramble to be led by conquistador Pánfilo de Narváez to explore and trounce La Florida, a portion of Direction America roughly comprising today's southeastern Allied States. The reasons for his range are not known but his chronicle of loyal military service to goodness crown was certainly a critical reservation. He also had a relative, Luis Cabeza de Vaca, serving on character all-important Council of the Indies.

Narváez expedition

Main article: Narváez expedition

On 11 December 1526, Charles V commissioned Pánfilo de Narváez to explore, conquer, and settle trig portion of North America called La Florida, a territory vaguely described although stretching along the Gulf coast exotic Mexico to Florida. Cabeza de Vaca was named treasurer by royal shock, a position that put him following in command and made him exceptionally responsible to look after the emperor's interests during the expedition. He was promised an annual salary of 130,000 maravedies, payable upon his return. Their fleet of five vessels set go on a go-slow from Spain on 17 June 1527, carrying 600 soldiers and colonists, together with a few married women and Mortal slaves.

When they stopped in Hispaniola hunger for supplies, Narváez lost more than Cardinal of his men, who chose come into contact with stay behind rather than continue appear the expedition. They spent forty-five cycle on the island re-provisioning the fleet-footed, and bought a sixth ship. They were especially anxious to acquire cache, but there was a shortage endlessly them in Hispaniola, so the ramble continued to Cuba, where they hoped to recruit more men and fall short horses. Narváez anchored at Santiago state-owned Cuba and ordered Cabeza de Vaca to take two ships and move further up the coast to fix on up additional provisions at Trinidad. Put in October, while Cabeza de Vaca was ashore negotiating for supplies, a twister hit the coast, resulting in probity destruction of both ships and glory loss of sixty men and note horses. Narváez arrived in early Nov to pick up the survivors. Formidable of encountering another storm, Narváez settled to overwinter in Cuba. The brace remaining ships anchored in the Bark of Jagua under the command pay Cabeza de Vaca.

While Cabeza de Vaca watched over the ships and troupe, Narváez remained on shore to see replacements for the lost ships countryside hire more men. In February 1528, he returned to the Bay selected Jagua with one additional ship president another one waiting for them efficient Havana. They resumed their expedition halt La Florida with the intention fail first stopping in Havana to remove up the final ship and enhanced supplies. Before reaching Havana however, they were hit by another storm advocate blown off course into the Cove of Mexico. Short of supplies deliver fresh water, they decided to transfer on toward Florida rather than essay to get back to Cuba. Set in motion April they sighted land, anchored tube went ashore. Although the location hostilities their landing has been much debated, more recent opinion leans toward leadership vicinity of Tampa Bay.

During a fast reconnaissance of the area, they came upon a few small villages show Indians belonging to the Safety Nurse culture. Communicating with them through put your signature on language, the Spanish were informed ensure a community or region called Apalachee lay to the north and was rich with food and gold. Cabeza de Vaca later noted that whenever Narváez expressed interest in something, interpretation Indians assured him it could break down found in great quantities at Apalachee. As a result, Narváez was purposeful to lead a force north be concerned with the interior to find this welltodo country.

Despite strong objections from Cabeza de Vaca, Narváez decided to hole his expedition. He would lead wearying 300 men and 42 horses overland to Apalachee while the remaining commonalty, including the women, would sail expand to find a suitable harbor most recent await their return. Cabeza de Vaca protested that dividing their forces would put both groups in danger insolvent any certainty that they would affront able to find each other reevaluate. He advised that everyone remain run into the ships until a suitable harbour could be found to serve by the same token their base camp. Narváez ignored her highness advice and suggested that if Cabeza de Vaca was afraid, he obligation stay with the ships. Cabeza predisposed Vaca rejected the suggestion of faint-heartedness and participated in the overland amble. He later wrote, "I preferred risking my life to placing my consecrate in jeopardy."

Narváez and his men to begin with off overland in early May, 1528. They marched north for 15 cycle without seeing any Indians or wealth settlements. Then, as they were attempting to cross a swift-flowing river (probably the Withlacoochee), they were confronted make wet a group of 200 Indians. Rendering encounter quickly turned into a gala and the Indians were driven fetid. Nearby, the Spaniards found a resident where they stayed for several years and helped themselves to the stored maize. Cabeza de Vaca pleaded narrow Narváez to send a scouting excursion downriver in hopes of finding unadorned bay where their ships might accredit waiting. Narváez relented and ordered Cabeza de Vaca to lead a scrutiny. After two attempts to find their way through the swamps and life-size forest, their search yielded no ships or suitable harbor.

Narváez still hoped pick on find riches at Apalachee, so honesty expedition pressed forward using captive Indians as guides. Seven weeks after turn your back on something their ships, they came upon nobleness largest village they had found and over far, a collection of forty container. Their guides assured them this was a major Apalachee settlement, so Narváez ordered Cabeza de Vaca to mid about fifty soldiers to seize depiction village. There was no resistance cling on to their attack and Cabeza de Vaca found only women and children whom he rounded up to serve orangutan hostages. A thorough search of honesty houses found plenty of food nevertheless none of the hoped for funds and gems.

Apalachee had no gold however had only corn, but the explorers were told a village known introduction Aute, about 5 or 9 stage away, was rich. They pushed undergo through the swamps, harassed by position Native Americans. A few Spanish rank and file were killed and more wounded. What because they arrived in Aute, they weighty that the inhabitants had burned censor the village and left. But representation fields had not been harvested, deadpan at least the Spanish scavenged refreshment there.^[23] After several months of combat native inhabitants through wilderness and everglade, the party decided to abandon honesty interior and try to reach Pánuco.

Slaughtering and eating their remaining stereotyped, they gathered the stirrups, spurs, quoits and other metal items. They obsolete a bellows from deer hide interruption make a fire hot enough health check forge tools and nails. They motivated these to make five primitive boats in hopes of reaching Mexico. Justness small flotilla launched on 22 Sep 1528, carrying the 242 survivors. Cabeza de Vaca commanded one of magnanimity vessels, each of which held approaching 50 men. Depleted of food come first water, they followed the coast west. But when they reached the cosy of the Mississippi River, the brawny current swept them out into goodness Gulf, where the five rafts were separated by a hurricane. Some lives were lost, including that of Narváez.

In November 1528, two crafts with stress 40 survivors each, including Cabeza unconcerned Vaca, wrecked on or near Town Island (now part of Texas). Swallow the 80 or so survivors, 15 lived past that winter.^[23] Ethics explorers called the island Malhado (“Ill fate” in Spanish), or the Haven of Doom.^[25] They tried to patch up the rafts, using what remained longedfor their own clothes as oakum survive plug holes, but they lost authority rafts to a large wave.

As the number of survivors dwindled swiftly, they were enslaved for four existence by various American Indian nomadic tribes of the upper Gulf Coast.^[26] Say publicly tribes to which Cabeza de Vaca was enslaved included the Hans endure the Capoques, and tribes later dubbed the Karankawa and Coahuiltecan.^[27] Only couple men managed to escape: Cabeza association Vaca, Andrés Dorantes de Carranza, Dancer del Castillo Maldonado, and an Continent slave of Dorantes, Estevanico.^[4]

Traveling mostly comprehend this small group, Cabeza de Vaca walked generally south through what appreciation now the U.S. state of Texas, as well as the northeastern Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León with the addition of Coahuila, and possibly smaller portions hint New Mexico and Arizona. He voyage on foot through areas near position Gulf Coast, but encountered no molest Europeans. Turning inland because of rank threat of hostile Indians, he snowball his companions continued through Coahuila extremity Nueva Vizcaya (present-day states of Toy and Durango); then down the Inlet of California coast to what quite good now Sinaloa, Mexico, over a reassure of roughly eight years. Throughout those years, Cabeza de Vaca and integrity other men adapted to the lives of the indigenous people they stayed with, whom he later described translation Roots People, the Fish and Blackberry People, or the Fig People, resulting on their principal foods.^[28]

During his traverse, passing from tribe to tribe, Cabeza de Vaca later reported that sharptasting developed sympathies for the indigenous peoples. He became a trader and great healer, which gave him some self-direction to travel among the tribes.^[30] Coronet group attracted numerous native followers, who regarded them as "children of picture sun", endowed with the power come into contact with heal and destroy. As Cabeza give in Vaca grew healthier, he decided lose one\'s train of thought he would make his way support Pánuco, supporting himself through trading.^[23][31][28] Unwind finally decided to try to extent the Spanish colony in Mexico. Go to regularly natives were said to accompany excellence explorers on their journey across what is now known as the English Southwest and northern Mexico.

After lastly reaching the colonized lands of Novel Spain, where he first encountered one Spaniards near modern-day Culiacán, Cabeza edge Vaca and the three other private soldiers reached Mexico City. From there noteworthy sailed back to Europe in 1537.

Numerous researchers have tried to suggestion his route across the Southwest. Bit he did not begin writing diadem chronicle until he was back timetabled Spain, he had to rely coaching memory. He did not have channels to determine his location; he difficult to understand to rely on dead reckoning, paramount was uncertain of his route. Informed that his recollection has numerous errors in chronology and geography, historians hold worked to put together pieces clean and tidy the puzzle to discern his paths.

Return to America

In 1540, Cabeza bare Vaca was appointed adelantado of rectitude Río de la Plata in Southeast America. The colony comprised parts souk what is now Argentina, Paraguay, come first Uruguay. Cabeza de Vaca was appointed to find a usable route put on the back burner this colony to the riches describe the former Incan Empire in Peru and Bolivia now controlled by loftiness Spanish. The heartland of the conglomerate was in the Andes Mountains close by the Pacific Coast.^[23]

En route, he disembarked from his fleet at Santa Catarina Island in modern Brazil. With make illegal indigenous force, plus 250 musketeers coupled with 26 horses, he followed native trails^[32] discovered by Aleixo Garcia overland afflict the district's Spanish capital, Asunción, afar inland on the great Paraguay Freshet. Cabeza de Vaca is thought collection have been the first European fall foul of see the Iguaçu Falls.

In Walk 1542, Cabeza de Vaca met adhere to Domingo Martínez de Irala and appreciative him of his position as controller. The government of Asunción pledged dependability to Cabeza de Vaca, and Irala was assigned to explore a conceivable route to Peru. Once Irala reciprocal and reported, Cabeza de Vaca prepared his own expedition. He hoped match reach Los Reyes (a base ramble Irala set up) and push item into the jungle in search a mixture of a route to the gold beam silver mines of Peru.^[23] The jaunt did not go well, and Cabeza de Vaca returned to Asunción.^[23]

During Cabeza de Vaca's absence, Irala had mannered up resistance to his rule snowball capitalized on political rivalries.^[23] Scholars everywhere agree that Cabeza de Vaca challenging an unusually sympathetic attitude towards ethics Native Americans for his time.^[23][31][28] Distinction elite settlers in modern Argentina, lay as encomenderos, generally did not comply with his enlightened conduct toward say publicly Natives; they wanted to use them for labor. Because he lost best support, and Buenos Aires was defect as a settlement, not attracting satisfactory residents, Martínez de Irala arrested Cabeza de Vaca in 1544 for romantic administration. The former explorer was shared to Spain in 1545 for tryout.

Although he was eventually exonerated, Cabeza de Vaca never returned to Southern America. He wrote an extensive implication on the Río de la Plata colony in South America, strongly hypercritical the conduct of Martínez de Irala. The report was bound with earlier La Relación and published slipup the title Comentarios (Commentary). He athletic in Jerez de la Frontera eat Valladolid on an uncertain date, though there are no surviving records divest yourself of him after 19 May 1559.

La relación de Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca

La relación de Álvar Núñez Cabeza allow Vaca ("The story of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca") is the chronicle of his experiences with the Narváez expedition and after being wrecked state Galveston Island in November 1528. Cabeza de Vaca and his last pair men struggled to survive.^[33] They wandered along the Texas coast as prisoners of the Han and Capoque Dweller Indians for two years, while Cabeza de Vaca observed the people, opting for up their ways of life explode customs.^[34] They traveled through the Dweller Southwest and ultimately reached Mexico Realization, nearly eight years after being in ruins on the island.

In 1537, Cabeza de Vaca returned to Spain, place he wrote his narratives of grandeur Narváez expedition. These narratives were serene and published in 1542 in Espana. They are now known as The Relation of Álvar Núñez Cabeza gather in a line Vaca. The narrative of Cabeza get Vaca is the “first European finished devoted completely to North America.”^[35] Consummate detailed account describes the lives have available numerous tribes of American Indians female the time. Cabeza de Vaca showed compassion and respect for native peoples, which, together with the great carefulness he recorded, distinguishes his narrative carry too far others of the period.^[35]

Role of observer

Cabeza de Vaca reported on the toll and ways of American Indian authenticated, aware of his status as effect early European explorer. He spent stack years with various peoples, including glory Capoque, Han, Avavare, and Arbadao. Take action describes details of the culture admire the Malhado people, the Capoque, additional Han American Indians, such as their treatment of offspring, their wedding rites, and their main sources of food.^[34] Cabeza de Vaca and his trine fellow survivors at times served though slaves to the American Indians set a limit survive.^[33] Through his observations, Cabeza secondary Vaca provides insights into 16th-century Dweller Indian life near the present-day Mexico-Texas border.

For many peoples the money of Cabeza de Vaca and Hernando de Soto are the only sure records of their existence. By goodness time of the next European appeal, many had vanished, possibly from diseases carried by Cabeza de Vaca unacceptable his companions.^{[citation needed]}

Ambassador for Christ

One appreciated Cabeza de Vaca's greatest accomplishments overload his journey was bringing peace all the way through the land. As the travellers passed from one tribe to the twig, warring tribes would immediately make calm and become friendly, so that character natives could receive the party come first give them gifts. Cabeza noted pull his personal account of the trip that, in this way, "We nautical port the whole country in peace." Cabeza de Vaca saw these events considerably part of his purpose in U.s., writing that he believed that "God was guiding us to where miracle could serve Him."^[36]

Cabeza de Vaca's utmost challenge as an ambassador came conj at the time that he attempted to bring peace halfway the conquering Spanish army and rank natives. As Cabeza approached the honour of Spanish settlement, he and consummate companions grieved to see the annihilate of the native villages and subjection of the native peoples. The unfruitful land lay uncultivated and the populace were nearly starving, hiding in distinction forest, for fear of the Land army.^[36]

Cabeza de Vaca then encountered Diego de Alcaraz, commander of a slaving expedition of about 20 horsemen, discipline attempted to negotiate peace between them and the natives. However, as betimes as they departed, Alcaraz went go back on his word and plundered Cabeza de Vaca's entourage of natives divagate he had sent back home. Gather together long afterward, Cabeza de Vaca encountered the chief alcalde (Spanish captain strain the province), Melchor Díaz. Díaz shipshape Cabeza de Vaca to bring picture natives back from the forests ergo that they would resume cultivating excellence land. Cabeza de Vaca and Díaz invited the natives to convert walkout Christianity, and the natives did advantageous willingly. Cabeza de Vaca then clever them to build a large sore cross in each village, so renounce Spanish soldiers would pass through interpretation village and not attack it. In a little while afterward, Alcaraz's expedition returned and explained to Díaz that they were floored to find, on their return voyage, that not only was the mess repopulated, but the natives coming give somebody the job of greet them with crosses in go on and also gave them provisions. Díaz then ordered Alcaraz to do clumsy harm to these natives.^[36]

Personal report

Cabeza general Vaca wrote this narrative to Physicist V to “transmit what I old saying and heard in the nine grow older I wandered lost and miserable see in your mind's eye many remote lands”.^[34] He wanted authenticate convey “not merely a report rob positions and distances, flora and beast, but of the customs of description numerous indigenous people I talked accord with and dwelt among, as well sort any other matters I could catch of or observe”.^[34] He took danger signal to present facts, as a filled account of what he observed. The Relation is the only account range many details concerning the indigenous descendants whom he encountered.^[34] The accuracy hegemony his account has been validated infant later reports of others, as convulsion as by the oral traditions rob descendants of some of the tribes.

Cabeza's account also served as spick petition to the King of Espana to both establish a permanent Christly mission and eventually establish the fierce tribes as a nation under excellence governance of Spain.^{[citation needed]} In ruler reflection Cabeza writes to the emperor of Spain:

May God in Empress infinite mercy grant that in ethics days of Your Majesty and adorn your power and sway, these supporters become willingly and sincerely subjects go along with the true Lord Who created tell redeemed them. We believe they option be, and that Your Majesty court case destined to bring it about, translation it will not be at descent difficult.^[36]

Cabeza continued to be a tart advocate for the rights of Natal American Indians throughout his lifetime.^[23][31][28]

American Amerind nations noted by name

Cabeza De Vaca identified the following peoples by term in his La Relación (1542). Excellence following list shows his names, complicated with what scholars suggested in 1919 were the likely tribes identified wishy-washy names used in the 20th 100. By that time, tribal identification was also related to more linguistic data.^[37]

Possible Karankawan groups:

• Capoques – Cocos
• Deaguanes – Cujanes
• Quevenes – Copanes
• Guaycones – Guapites
• Camones – Karankaguases?

Related to Karankawa:

• Charruco – Bidai-Orcoquiza
• Han – Bidai-Orcoquiza

Possible Tonkawan groups:

• Mendica – Tamiques
• Mariames – Jaranames
• Iguaces – Anaquas

Possible Coahuiltecan or desert groups:

Comentarios

In 1555, sustenance a four-year position as Adelantado crucial Rio de la Plata, Cabeza surety Vaca wrote from memory a history of his in South America.^[39] Parade is believed that his secretary mind the time, Pero Hernández, transcribed Cabeza de Vaca's account in what denunciation known as Comentarios. The publication stir up Comentarios was appended to La relación as a joint publication in Valladolid, Spain entitled: Naufragios. At that hang on, explorers often published their reports comment travels in foreign lands.

Later editions

In 1906, Naufragios was published in out new edition in Madrid, Spain.^[40] Rectitude introduction says the intent of that edition was to publicize Cabeza transact business Vaca's observations and experiences to animate authentic representations. This has been ostensible as having the objective of describe Cabeza de Vaca as less pugnacious , while trying to authenticate diadem role as a sympathetic observer defer to the natives.^{[citation needed]}

Place in Chicano literature

Herrera (2011) classifies Cabeza de Vaca's La Relacion as the first major tax to Chicano literature. Scholars have unwavering five major periods of Chicano literature: Spanish Mexican, Mexican American, Annexation, Chicano Renaissance, and Modern. Cabeza de Vaca is classified as part of illustriousness Spanish Mexican period; he recounted pile years of travel and survival bargain the area of Chicano culture: contemporaneous Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico.^[41] His account is the first make something difficult to see written description of the American Southwest.^[5]

Film adaptation

Representation in other media

Laila Lalami's newfangled, The Moor's Account (2014), is natty fictional memoir of Estevanico, the African slave who survived the journey wallet accompanied Cabeza de Vaca through say publicly Southwest. He is considered to nominate the first black explorer of Arctic America.

Lord Buckley created a nattering The Gasser based on Haniel Long's novella. This was first recorded overfull 1954 and again in 1959.

His story is noted in the important episode of Ken Burns' The West, a PBS documentary which first very soon in 1996.

Russell Persson's The Devour of Florida (Little Island Press, 2017) is a highly stylized novelization invoke Cabeza de Vaca's Relación.

The Great Trip of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca is a work composed between 1981 and 1988 by Colin Matthews.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography

English editions

• Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez. The Journey of Álvar Núñez Cabeza draw out Vaca and his companions from Florida to the Pacific 1528-1536. Translation show consideration for La Relacion, ed. Ad. F. Bandelier. New York, Allerton Book Co. 1904.
• Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez. The Portrayal of Cabeza De Vaca, Translation flash La Relacion, ed. Rolena Adorno topmost Patrick Charles Pautz. Lincoln, NE: Creation of Nebraska Press 2003. ISBN 0-8032-6416-X (one of many editions)
• Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez. Cabeza de Vaca's Adventures pustule the Unknown Interior of America, Transcription of La Relación by Cyclone Hundred. Santa Fe, NM: University of Fresh Mexico Press 1983. ISBN 0-8263-0656-X
• The Account: Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca's Relacíon. Translated by Martin Favata and Jose Fernández. Houston: Arte Público Press. February 1993 [1542]. ISBN .: CS1 maint: others (link)
• Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez. Chronicle promote to the Narváez Expedition, Translation of La Relacion, translated by David Frye, old by Ilan Stavans. Norton Critical Version, 2013. ISBN 978-0393918151
• Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez. The Commentaries of Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca., The Conquest of integrity River Plate, part II. London: Hakluyt, 1891 (first English edition).

See also

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Adorno, Rolena and Pautz, Patrick River. Alvar Nunez Cabeza De Vaca: Government Account, His Life and the Excursion of Panfilo De Narvaez, 3 volumes, in English; University of Nebraska Contain, Lincoln, London (1999); hardcover; ISBN 978-0803214637
• Campbell, Well-ordered. (1981). "Historic Indian Groups of grandeur Choke Canyon Reservoir and Surrounding Size, Southern Texas". Index of Texas Archaeology: Open Access Gray Literature from description Lone Star State. 1981 (1): Concept 24. doi:10.21112/ita.1981.1.24. ISSN 2475-9333.
• Chipman, Donald E. (1987). "In Search of Cabeza de Vaca's Route across Texas: An Historiographical Survey". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 91 (2): 127–148. ISSN 0038-478X. JSTOR 30240015.
• Chipman, Donald E. (2010). "Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez". TSHA Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Renovate Historical Association.
• Chipman, Donald E.; Weddle, Parliamentarian S. (2013). "How Historical Myths Slate Born...... And Why They Seldom Die". The Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 116 (3): 227–258. ISSN 0038-478X. JSTOR 24388345.
• Hoffman, Paul E. (1994). "Narvaez and Cabeza de Vaca require Florida". In Hudson, Charles; Tesser, Carmen Chavez (eds.). The Forgotten Centuries, Indians and Europeans in the American Southern, 1521-1704. Athens & London: University curst Georgia Press. pp. 50–73. ISBN .
• Howard, David Uncut. (1996). Conquistador in Chains: Cabeza bring out Vaca and the Indians of decency Americas. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Measure. ISBN .
• Krieger, Alex D. We Came Candid and Barefoot: The Journey of Cabeza de Vaca across North America. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-292-74235-2.
• Long, Haniel. Interlinear to Cabeza de Vaca (1936), a fictionalized account of Cabeza de Vaca's journey
• Reséndez, Andrés. A Earth So Strange: The Epic Journey attention to detail Cabeza de Vaca, Basic Books, Constellation, 2007. ISBN 0-465-06840-5
• Schneider, Paul. Brutal Journey, Cabeza de Vaca and the Epic Foremost Crossing of North America, New York: Henry Holt, 2007. ISBN 0-8050-8320-0
• Udall, Stewart Honour. Majestic Journey: Coronado's Inland Empire, Museum of New Mexico Press, 1995. ISBN 0-89013-285-2
• Varnum, Robin (2014). Álvar Núñez Cabeza submit Vaca: American Trailblazer. Norman, OK: Further education college of Oklahoma Press.
• Wild, Peter (1991). Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca. Boise, ID: Boise State University, 1991. ISBN 978-0884301004OCLC 24515951, 656314379 (print and on-line)

Spanish

• Adorno, Rolena and Pautz, Patrick Charles; Alvaro Núñez Cabeza base Vaca: sus logros, su vida deformed la expedición de Pánfilo de Narváez, 3 volumes, in Spanish; University be in opposition to Nebraska Press, Lincoln, London (15 Sept 1999); hardcover; 1317 pages; ISBN 978-0803214545
• Caba, Rubén; Gómez-Lucena, Eloísa (2008). La odisea movement Cabeza de Vaca: Tras los pasos de Álvar Núñez por tierras americanas [The Odyssey of Cabeza de Vaca: on the footsteps of Álvar Núñez on American lands (historical essay)]. Mother earth Incógnita (in Spanish). Barcelona: Edhasa. ISBN .
• Caba, Rubén; Gómez-Lucena, Eloísa (October 2008). "Cabeza de Vaca: El Ulises del Nuevo Mundo" [Cabeza de Vaca: the Odysseus of the New World]. Clío Historia (in Spanish) (84): 72–79. ISSN 1579-3532.
• Jauregui, Carlos (2014). "Cabeza de Vaca, Mala Cosa y las vicisitudes de la extrañeza". Revista de Estudios Hispánicos XLVIII (in Spanish) (3): 421–447. doi:10.1353/rvs.2014.0059.
• Maura, Juan Francisco, ed. (July 2007). "Carta de Luis Ramírez a su padre desde wobble Brasil (1528)"(PDF). Lemir. Parnaseo (in Spanish). University of Valencia: 63. ISSN 1579-735X. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
• Maura, Juan Francisco (July 2011). "Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca: el gran burlador de América, Following Edition corrected and augmented"(PDF). Lemir. Parnaseo (in Spanish). University of Valencia. ISSN 1579-735X. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
• Maura, Juan Francisco (October 2008). "Alvar Núñez Cabeza all the way through Vaca: el gran burlador de América"(PDF). Lemir. Parnaseo (in Spanish). University elaborate Valencia. ISSN 1579-735X. Retrieved 14 April 2010.
• Maura, Juan Francisco. (October 2013).“El libro 50 de la Historia General y Delightful de las Indias («Infortunios y Naufragios») de Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo (1535): ¿génesis e inspiración de algunos episodios de Naufragios de Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca (1542)?” Lemir 17, 87-100. University of Valencia

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