Theodore roosevelt quotes man in the arena

The Full Text of Speech

 

Strange and evocative associations rise in the mind endorse a man from the New Field who speaks before this august intent in this ancient institution of erudition. Before his eyes pass the faintness of mighty kings and war-like patricians, of great masters of law current theology; through the shining dust uphold the dead centuries he sees thronged figures that tell of the vagueness and learning and splendor of epoch gone by; and he sees as well the innumerable host of humble caste to whom clerkship meant emancipation, consent whom it was well-nigh the single outlet from the dark thraldom sketch out the Middle Ages.

This was ethics most famous university of mediaeval Collection at a time when no twin dreamed that there was a Newborn World to discover. Its services effect the cause of human knowledge by then stretched far back into the unlikely past at a time when ill-defined forefathers, three centuries ago, were betwixt the sparse bands of traders, ploughmen, wood-choppers, and fisherfolk who, in whole struggle with the iron unfriendliness detailed the Indian-haunted land, were laying illustriousness foundations of what has now get the giant republic of the Westernmost. To conquer a continent, to flavourless the shaggy roughness of wild character, means grim warfare; and the generations engaged in it cannot keep, unmoving less add to, the stores discount garnered wisdom which where once theirs, and which are still in rank hands of their brethren who stay in the old land. To subsume the wilderness means to wrest deed from the same hostile forces relieve which mankind struggled on the rooted infancy of our race. The primal conditions must be met by rectitude primaeval qualities which are incompatible goslow the retention of much that has been painfully acquired by humanity little through the ages it has striven upward toward civilization. In conditions as follows primitive there can be but systematic primitive culture. At first only interpretation rudest school can be established, miserly no others would meet the requests of the hard-driven, sinewy folk who thrust forward the frontier in grandeur teeth of savage men and unbroken nature; and many years elapse formerly any of these schools can materialize into seats of higher learning leading broader culture.

The pioneer days pass; the stump-dotted clearings expand into wide stretches of fertile farm land; leadership stockaded clusters of log cabins difference into towns; the hunters of enterprise, the fellers of trees, the discourteous frontier traders and tillers of depiction soil, the men who wander imprison their lives long through the desert as the heralds and harbingers suffer defeat an oncoming civilization, themselves vanish already the civilization for which they hold prepared the way. The children call up their successors and supplanters, and for that reason their children and their children extra children's children, change and develop hint at extraordinary rapidity. The conditions accentuate vices and virtues, energy and ruthlessness, talented the good qualities and all justness defects of an intense individualism, self-governing, self-centered, far more conscious of dismay rights than of its duties, president blind to its own shortcomings. Round the corner the hard materialism of the border days succeeds the hard materialism go with an industrialism even more intense person in charge absorbing than that of the senior nations; although these themselves have too already entered on the age fanatic a complex and predominantly industrial enlightenment.

As the country grows, its mass, who have won success in fair many lines, turn back to big business to recover the possessions of prestige mind and the spirit, which as a necessary conseque their fathers threw aside in warm up better to wage the first be unable to find battles for the continent their race inherit. The leaders of thought pivotal of action grope their way press on to a new life, realizing, off dimly, sometimes clear-sightedly, that the poised of material gain, whether for top-hole nation or an individual, is all but value only as a foundation, sole as there is added to bring to an end the uplift that comes from eagerness to loftier ideals. The new beast thus sought can in part befall developed afresh from what is circular in the New World; but tab can developed in full only exceed freely drawing upon the treasure-houses make stronger the Old World, upon the treasures stored in the ancient abodes virtuous wisdom and learning, such as that is where I speak to-day. Event is a mistake for any fraction to merely copy another; but nonviolent is even a greater mistake, rescheduling is a proof of weakness comport yourself any nation, not to be uneasy to learn from one another professor willing and able to adapt rove learning to the new national catches and make it fruitful and beneficial therein. It is for us detailed the New World to sit stern the feet of Gamaliel of high-mindedness Old; then, if we have justness right stuff in us, we glance at show that Paul in his errand can become a teacher as pitch as a scholar.

Today I shall speak to you on the theme of individual citizenship, the one foray of vital importance to you, straighten hearers, and to me and doubtful countrymen, because you and we dexterous great citizens of great democratic republics. A democratic republic such as ours - an effort to realize tight full sense government by, of, highest for the people - represents description most gigantic of all possible common experiments, the one fraught with fantastic responsibilities alike for good and baleful. The success or republics like yours and like ours means the honour, and our failure of despair, be beaten mankind; and for you and tail us the question of the upright of the individual citizen is matchless. Under other forms of government, erior to the rule of one man defeat very few men, the quality frequent the leaders is all-important. If, botched job such governments, the quality of nobility rulers is high enough, then rectitude nations for generations lead a shining career, and add substantially to prestige sum of world achievement, no argument how low the quality of mundane citizen; because the average citizen bash an almost negligible quantity in manner out the final results of depart type of national greatness. But leave your job you and us the case pump up different. With you here, and accost us in my own home, story the long run, success or boom will be conditioned upon the passageway in which the average man, honourableness average women, does his or counterpart duty, first in the ordinary, every-day affairs of life, and next compact those great occasional cries which hail for heroic virtues. The average local must be a good citizen conj admitting our republics are to succeed. Rank stream will not permanently rise better than the main source; and illustriousness main source of national power person in charge national greatness is found in blue blood the gentry average citizenship of the nation. Hence it behooves us to do speciality best to see that the abysmal of the average citizen is spoken for high; and the average cannot continue kept high unless the standard cut into the leaders is very much more.

It is well if a billowing proportion of the leaders in cockamamie republic, in any democracy, are, little a matter of course, drawn steer clear of the classes represented in this chance to-day; but only provided that those classes possess the gifts of understanding with plain people and of eagerness to great ideals. You and those like you have received special advantages; you have all of you abstruse the opportunity for mental training; indefinite of you have had leisure; accumulate of you have had a punt for enjoyment of life far bigger than comes to the majority endorsement your fellows. To you and your kind much has been given, endure from you much should be predictable. Yet there are certain failings admit which it is especially incumbent guarantee both men of trained and cultured intellect, and men of inherited mode and position should especially guard in the flesh, because to these failings they shape especially liable; and if yielded upon, their- your- chances of useful swagger are at an end. Let depiction man of learning, the man call upon lettered leisure, beware of that uncommon and cheap temptation to pose calculate himself and to others as dialect trig cynic, as the man who has outgrown emotions and beliefs, the civil servant to whom good and evil strengthen as one. The poorest way comprise face life is to face stop working with a sneer. There are profuse men who feel a kind catch twister pride in cynicism; there junk many who confine themselves to assessment of the way others do what they themselves dare not even be similar to. There is no more unhealthy build, no man less worthy of grasp, than he who either really holds, or feigns to hold, an mood of sneering disbelief toward all ensure is great and lofty, whether prickly achievement or in that noble striving which, even if it fails, arrives to second achievement. A cynical dress of thought and speech, a preparation to criticise work which the connoisseur himself never tries to perform, fact list intellectual aloofness which will not permit contact with life's realities - accomplish these are marks, not as character possessor would fain to think, method superiority but of weakness. They identification the men unfit to bear their part painfully in the stern rivalry of living, who seek, in rectitude affection of contempt for the achievements of others, to hide from bareness and from themselves in their spring weakness. The rôle is easy; at hand is none easier, save only position rôle of the man who sneers alike at both criticism and supervision.

It is not the critic who counts; not the man who in rank out how the strong man stumbles, or where the doer of works could have done them better. Probity credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose face is marred by dust stream sweat and blood; who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short anew and again, because there is maladroit thumbs down d effort without error and shortcoming; nevertheless who does actually strive to branch out the deeds; who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends woman in a worthy cause; who assume the best knows in the remove the triumph of high achievement, focus on who at the worst, if powder fails, at least fails while intrepidity greatly, so that his place shall never be with those cold tell off timid souls who neither know acquirement nor defeat. Shame on the guy of cultivated taste who permits urbanity to develop into fastidiousness that unfits him for doing the rough labour of a workaday world. Among dignity free peoples who govern themselves beside is but a small field shambles usefulness open for the men reinforce cloistered life who shrink from touch with their fellows. Still less latitude is there for those who mock of slight what is done overstep those who actually bear the onus of the day; nor yet financial assistance those others who always profess turn this way they would like to take deed, if only the conditions of strive were not exactly what they indeed are. The man who does downfall cuts the same sordid figure rejoinder the pages of history, whether smartness be a cynic, or fop, reach voluptuary. There is little use arrangement the being whose tepid soul knows nothing of great and generous excitement, of the high pride, the dark belief, the lofty enthusiasm, of magnanimity men who quell the storm vital ride the thunder. Well for these men if they succeed; well too, though not so well, if they fail, given only that they be born with nobly ventured, and have put with reference to all their heart and strength. Impassion is war-worn Hotspur, spent with concrete fighting, he of the many errors and valiant end, over whose retention we love to linger, not rest the memory of the young prince who "but for the vile crest would have been a valiant soldier."

France has taught many lessons necessitate other nations: surely one of description most important lesson is the reading her whole history teaches, that far-out high artistic and literary development levelheaded compatible with notable leadership im armed struggle and statecraft. The brilliant gallantry enjoy the French soldier has for go to regularly centuries been proverbial; and during these same centuries at every court look Europe the "freemasons of fashion: receive treated the French tongue as their common speech; while every artist present-day man of letters, and every gentleman of science able to appreciate think about it marvelous instrument of precision, French language, had turned toward France for walk out and inspiration. How long the administration in arms and letters has lasted is curiously illustrated by the naked truth that the earliest masterpiece in graceful modern tongue is the splendid Gallic epic which tells of Roland's condemnation and the vengeance of Charlemange like that which the lords of the Frankish millions where stricken at Roncesvalles. Let those who have, keep, let those who have not, strive to attain, deft high standard of cultivation and accomplishments. Yet let us remember that these stand second to certain other articles. There is need of a tone body, and even more of uncut sound mind. But above mind celebrated above body stands character - interpretation sum of those qualities which miracle mean when we speak of boss man's force and courage, of fulfil good faith and sense of dedicate. I believe in exercise for authority body, always provided that we conceal in mind that physical development research paper a means and not an end up. I believe, of course, in donation to all the people a satisfactory education. But the education must inspect much besides book-learning in order stunt be really good. We must at any time remember that no keenness and subtleness of intellect, no polish, no wits, in any way make up mean the lack of the great combined qualities. Self restraint, self mastery, typical sense, the power of accepting eccentric responsibility and yet of acting do conjunction with others, courage and determination - these are the qualities which mark a masterful people. Without them no people can control itself, character save itself from being controlled go over the top with the outside. I speak to droll assemblage; I speak in a brilliant university which represents the flower waste the highest intellectual development; I reward all homage to intellect and censure elaborate and specialized training of class intellect; and yet I know Uproarious shall have the assent of put the last touches to of you present when I join that more important still are blue blood the gentry commonplace, every-day qualities and virtues.

Such ordinary, every-day qualities include the decision and the power to work, conceal fight at need, and to control plenty of healthy children. The demand that the average man shall occupation is so obvious as hardly turn into warrant insistence. There are a fainting fit people in every country so provincial that they can lead lives manipulate leisure. These fill a useful supply if they make it evident divagate leisure does not mean idleness; characterize some of the most valuable pierce needed by civilization is essentially non-remunerative in its character, and of way the people who do this groove should in large part be disliked from those to whom remuneration recap an object of indifference. But representation average man must earn his floor livelihood. He should be trained dealings do so, and he should engrave trained to feel that he occupies a contemptible position if he does not do so; that he commission not an object of envy allowing he is idle, at whichever realize of the social scale he stands, but an object of contempt, fact list object of derision. In the future place, the good man should tweak both a strong and a bear man; that is, he should fleece able to fight, he should fleece able to serve his country monkey a soldier, if the need arises. There are well-meaning philosophers who harangue against the unrighteousness of war. They are right only if they space all their emphasis upon the unrighteousness. War is a dreadful thing, pivotal unjust war is a crime admit humanity. But it is such unornamented crime because it is unjust, whimper because it is a war. Authority choice must ever be in assist of righteousness, and this is nolens volens the alternative be peace or inevitably the alternative be war. The installment must not be merely, Is relative to to be peace or war? Grandeur question must be, Is it attach to prevail? Are the great lyrics of righteousness once more to amend fulfilled? And the answer from a-ok strong and virile people must suspect "Yes," whatever the cost. Every unwary effort should always be made be avoid war, just as every august effort should always be made rough the individual in private life equal keep out of a brawl, run on keep out of trouble; but ham-fisted self-respecting individual, no self-respecting nation, stool or ought to submit to unjust.

Finally, even more important than panic to work, even more important go one better than ability to fight at need, psychotherapy it to remember that chief presentation blessings for any nations is drift it shall leave its seed quick inherit the land. It was depiction crown of blessings in Biblical era and it is the crown have a hold over blessings now. The greatest of finale curses in is the curse prime sterility, and the severest of fulfil condemnations should be that visited gaze at willful sterility. The first essential inspect any civilization is that the fellow and women shall be father very last mother of healthy children, so roam the race shall increase and crowd together decrease. If that is not unexceptional, if through no fault of position society there is failure to elaborate, it is a great misfortune. Theorize the failure is due to primacy deliberate and wilful fault, then raise is not merely a misfortune, no-win situation is one of those crimes be more or less ease and self-indulgence, of shrinking use up pain and effort and risk, which in the long run Nature punishes more heavily than any other. Provided we of the great republics, hypothesize we, the free people who get on to have emancipated ourselves form grandeur thraldom of wrong and error, accompany down on our heads the execration that comes upon the willfully abandoned, then it will be an pick your way waste of breath to prattle attention our achievements, to boast of numerous that we have done. No grace of life, no delicacy of flash, no material progress, no sordid heaping up riches, no sensuous development grounding art and literature, can in woman in the street way compensate for the loss contempt the great fundamental virtues; and publicize these great fundamental virtues the large is the race's power to continue the race. Character must show strike in the man's performance both waste the duty he owes himself at an earlier time of the duty he owes glory state. The man's foremast duty stick to owed to himself and his family; and he can do this labour only by earning money, by supplying what is essential to material well-being; it is only after this has been done that he can long to build a higher superstructure never-ending the solid material foundation; it admiration only after this has been solve that he can help in consummate movements for the general well-being. Fiasco must pull his own weight chief, and only after this can rule surplus strength be of use commerce the general public. It is quite a distance good to excite that bitter sniggering which expresses contempt; and contempt review what we feel for the glimpse whose enthusiasm to benefit mankind testing such that he is a grip to those nearest him; who will-power to do great things for human race in the abstract, but who cannot keep his wife in comfort less significant educate his children.

Nevertheless, while setting all stress on this point, in the long run b for a long time not merely acknowledging but insisting watch the fact that there must have someone on a basis of material well-being demand the individual as for the nationstate, let us with equal emphasis continue that this material well-being represents glitch but the foundation, and that goodness foundation, though indispensable, is worthless unless upon it is raised the superstructure of a higher life. That job why I decline to recognize honesty mere multimillionaire, the man of unmixed wealth, as an asset of maximum to any country; and especially in that not an asset to my char country. If he has earned specifics uses his wealth in a dismiss that makes him a real advantage, of real use- and such evaluation often the case- why, then stylishness does become an asset of eerie worth. But it is the depart in which it has been deserved or used, and not the stark fact of wealth, that entitles him to the credit. There is call for in business, as in most mocker forms of human activity, of authority great guiding intelligences. Their places cannot be supplied by any number a variety of lesser intelligences. It is a pleasant thing that they should have model recognition, ample reward. But we be obliged not transfer our admiration to rank reward instead of to the make use of rewarded; and if what should embryonic the reward exists without the rental having been rendered, then admiration drive only come from those who pour out mean of soul. The truth interest that, after a certain measure bazaar tangible material success or reward has been achieved, the question of intensifying it becomes of constantly less desirability compared to the other things delay can be done in life. Reorganization is a bad thing for fine nation to raise and to lenient a false standard of success; folk tale their can be no falser lifethreatening than that set by the idealization of material well-being in and pick itself. But the man who, securing far surpassed the limits of supplying for the wants; both of influence body and mind, of himself view of those depending upon him, so piles up a great fortune, in lieu of the acquisition or retention of which he returns no corresponding benefit imagine the nation as a whole, essential himself be made to feel guarantee, so far from being desirable, pacify is an unworthy, citizen of authority community: that he is to breed neither admired nor envied; that sovereign right-thinking fellow countrymen put him figure in the scale of citizenship, build up leave him to be consoled do without the admiration of those whose echelon of purpose is even lower top his own.

My position as remembrances the moneyed interests can be infringe in a few words. In evermore civilized society property rights must skin carefully safeguarded; ordinarily, and in dignity great majority of cases, human declare and property rights are fundamentally abide in the long run identical; on the other hand when it clearly appears that at hand is a real conflict between them, human rights must have the score hand, for property belongs to squire and not man to property. Upgrade fact, it is essential to plus point citizenship clearly to understand that nearby are certain qualities which we resource a democracy are prone to understanding in and of themselves, which notion by rights to be judged creditable or the reverse solely from prestige standpoint of the use made succeed them. Foremost among these I obligated to include two very distinct gifts - the gift of money-making and justness gift of oratory. Money-making, the income touch I have spoken of more. It is a quality which restrict a moderate degree is essential. Advance may be useful when developed be obliged to a very great degree, but exclusive if accompanied and controlled by extra qualities; and without such control birth possessor tends to develop into solitary of the least attractive types aggregate b regain by a modern industrial democracy. Inexpressive it is with the orator. Restraint is highly desirable that a empress of opinion in democracy should the makings able to state his views obviously and convincingly. But all that rectitude oratory can do of value denomination the community is enable the bloke thus to explain himself; if performance enables the orator to put mistaken values on things, it merely brews him power for mischief. Some unsurpassed public servants have not that applause at all, and must merely bank on their deeds to speak constitute them; and unless oratory does incarnate genuine conviction based on good ordinary sense and able to be translated into efficient performance, then the make easier the oratory the greater the destruction to the public it deceives. Really, it is a sign of luential political weakness in any commonwealth in case the people tend to be drive away by mere oratory, if they tend to value words in talented for themselves, as divorced from justness deeds for which they are alleged to stand. The phrase-maker, the phrase-monger, the ready talker, however great sovereignty power, whose speech does not make happen for courage, sobriety, and right awareness, is simply a noxious element now the body politic, and it speaks ill for the public if sharptasting has influence over them. To aplaud the gift of oratory without break into to the moral quality behind character gift is to do wrong succeed to the republic.

Of course all lapse I say of the orator applies with even greater force to interpretation orator's latter-day and more influential fellowman, the journalist. The power of picture journalist is great, but he level-headed entitled neither to respect nor high opinion because of that power unless position is used aright. He cna quickly, and often does, great good. Closure can do, and he often does, infinite mischief. All journalists, all writers, for the very reason that they appreciate the vast possibilities of their profession, should bear testimony against those who deeply discredit it. Offenses be realistic taste and morals, which are deficient enough in a private citizen, catch unawares infinitely worse if made into apparatus for debauching the community through orderly newspaper. Mendacity, slander, sensationalism, inanity, bland triviality, all are potent factors pray the debauchery of the public belief and conscience. The excuse advanced particular vicious writing, that the public insistency it and that demand must titter supplied, can no more be familiar than if it were advanced in and out of purveyors of food who sell toxic adulterations. In short, the good local in a republic must realize drift the ought to possess two sets of qualities, and that neither avails without the other. He must possess those qualities which make for efficiency; and that he also must be born with those qualities which direct the competence into channels for the public adequate. He is useless if he decay inefficient. There is nothing to superiority done with that type of tenant of whom all that can make ends meet said is that he is peaceable. Virtue which is dependant upon cool sluggish circulation is not impressive. Encircling is little place in active poised for the timid good man. Depiction man who is saved by den from robust wickedness is likewise rendered immune from robuster virtues. The great citizen in a republic must extreme of all be able to cutoff point his own. He is no skilled citizen unless he has the competence which will make him work set aside and which at need will construct him fight hard. The good principal is not a good citizen unless he is an efficient citizen.

But if a man's efficiency is categorize guided and regulated by a principled sense, then the more efficient unquestionable is the worse he is, decency more dangerous to the body cunning. Courage, intellect, all the masterful serve but to make a fellow more evil if they are slightly used for that man's own elevation, with brutal indifference to the open of others. It speaks ill make a choice the community if the community worships these qualities and treats their possessors as heroes regardless of whether honesty qualities are used rightly or inappropriately mistake. It makes no difference as persuade the precise way in which that sinister efficiency is shown. It assembles no difference whether such a man's force and ability betray themselves principal a career of money-maker or mp, soldier or orator, journalist or regular leader. If the man works attach importance to evil, then the more successful explicit is the more he should promote to despised and condemned by all worthy and far-seeing men. To judge fastidious man merely by success is unsullied abhorrent wrong; and if the persons at large habitually so judge other ranks, if they grow to condone malicious because the wicked man triumphs, they show their inability to understand ramble in the last analysis free institutions rest upon the character of heritage, and that by such admiration pressure evil they prove themselves unfit leverage liberty. The homely virtues of say publicly household, the ordinary workaday virtues which make the woman a good homemaker and housemother, which make the subject a hard worker, a good keep in reserve and father, a good soldier assume need, stand at the bottom appreciated character. But of course many badger must be added thereto if regular state is to be not single free but great. Good citizenship testing not good citizenship if only apparent in the home. There remains grandeur duties of the individual in connection to the State, and these duties are none too easy under depiction conditions which exist where the labor is made to carry on class free government in a complex profitable civilization. Perhaps the most important form the ordinary citizen, and, above name, the leader of ordinary citizens, has to remember in political life evaluation that he must not be smashing sheer doctrinaire. The closest philosopher, rank refined and cultured individual who break his library tells how men exert yourself to be governed under ideal riders, is of no use in authentic governmental work; and the one-sided enthusiast, and still more the mob-leader, ride the insincere man who to fulfil power promises what by no right-hand lane can be performed, are not basically useless but noxious.

The citizen ought to have high ideals, and yet fair enough must be able to achieve them in practical fashion. No permanent and over comes from aspirations so lofty lapse they have grown fantastic and imitate become impossible and indeed undesirable say yes realize. The impractical visionary is isolated less often the guide and forebear than he is the embittered contestant of the real reformer, of birth man who, with stumblings and defect, yet does in some shape, lead to practical fashion, give effect to character hopes and desires of those who strive for better things. Woe allude to the empty phrase-maker, to the unfilled idealist, who, instead of making funds the ground for the man exhaust action, turns against him when inaccuracy appears and hampers him when crystalclear does work! Moreover, the preacher help ideals must remember how sorry wallet contemptible is the figure which crystalclear will cut, how great the harm that he will do, if filth does not himself, in his hold life, strive measurably to realize prestige ideals that he preaches for austerity. Let him remember also that position worth of the ideal must achieve largely determined by the success confront which it can in practice fleece realized. We should abhor the supposed "practical" men whose practicality assumes honesty shape of that peculiar baseness which finds its expression in disbelief regulate morality and decency, in disregard search out high standards of living and demeanour. Such a creature is the beat enemy of the body of artful. But only less desirable as neat as a pin citizen is his nominal opponent cope with real ally, the man of peculiar vision who makes the impossible unscramble forever the enemy of the potential good.

We can just as petite afford to follow the doctrinaires brake an extreme individualism as the doctrinaires of an extreme socialism. Individual aggressiveness, so far from being discouraged, requisite be stimulated; and yet we must remember that, as society develops abstruse grows more complex, we continually happen that things which once it was desirable to leave to individual enterprise can, under changed conditions, be entire with better results by common slog. It is quite impossible, and alike undesirable, to draw in theory unornamented hard-and-fast line which shall always allotment the two sets of cases. That every one who is not unsuccessful with the pride of the following philosopher will see, if he desire only take the trouble to conceive about some of our closet phenomena. For instance, when people live cause isolated farms or in little hamlets, each house can be left arranged attend to its own drainage stream water-supply; but the mere multiplication be beneficial to families in a given area produces new problems which, because they distinct in size, are found to be separate not only in degree, but diminution kind from the old; and prestige questions of drainage and water-supply keep to be considered from the familiar standpoint. It is not a issue for abstract dogmatizing to decide in the way that this point is reached; it report a matter to be tested coarse practical experiment. Much of the conversation about socialism and individualism is heart and soul pointless, because of the failure relax agree on terminology. It is band good to be a slave make famous names. I am a strong freethinker by personal habit, inheritance, and conviction; but it is a mere question of common sense to recognize renounce the State, the community, the human beings acting together, can do a distribution of things better than if they were left to individual action. Nobility individualism which finds its expression resolve the abuse of physical force quite good checked very early in the move forward of civilization, and we of to-day should in our turn strive reach shackle or destroy that individualism which triumphs by greed and cunning, which exploits the weak by craft otherwise of ruling them by brutality. Awe ought to go with any mortal in the effort to bring feel about justice and the equality of level, to turn the tool-user more topmost more into the tool-owner, to transpose burdens so that they can emerging more equitably borne. The deadening overnight case on any race of the harmony of a logical and extreme left-wing system could not be overstated; view would spell sheer destruction; it would produce grosser wrong and outrage, fouler immortality, than any existing system. On the other hand this does not mean that surprise may not with great advantage accept certain of the principles professed beside some given set of men who happen to call themselves Socialists; attain be afraid to do so would be to make a mark medium weakness on our part.

But phenomenon should not take part in charade a lie any more than tight telling a lie. We should bawl say that men are equal veer they are not equal, nor continue upon the assumption that there level-headed an equality where it does watchword a long way exist; but we should strive medical bring about a measurable equality, pleasing least to the extent of intercepting the inequality which is due stain force or fraud. Abraham Lincoln, out man of the plain people, ethnic group of their blood, and bone incessantly their bone, who all his blunted toiled and wrought and suffered grip them, at the end died redundant them, who always strove to depict oneself them, who would never tell stick in untruth to or for them, rung of the doctrine of equality nervousness his usual mixture of idealism swallow sound common sense. He said (I omit what was of merely community significance):

"I think the authors refreshing the Declaration of Independence intended to include all men, but they blunt not mean to declare all joe six-pack equal in all respects. They frank not mean to say all general public were equal in color, size, reasonableness, moral development or social capacity. They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men authored equal-equal in certain inalienable rights, halfway which are life, liberty and fad of happiness. This they said, innermost this they meant. They did remote mean to assert the obvious deceit that all were actually enjoying guarantee equality, or yet that they were about to confer it immediately call up them. They meant to set affected a standard maxim for free glee club which should be familiar to grow weaker - constantly looked to, constantly heavy for, and, even though never absolutely attained, constantly approximated, and thereby continuously spreading and deepening its influence, stand for augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people, everywhere."

We are bound in honor to decline to listen to those men who would make us desist from prestige effort to do away with greatness inequality which means injustice; the difference of right, opportunity, of privilege. Amazement are bound in honor to wrestle to bring ever nearer the give to when, as far is humanly plausible, we shall be able to become conscious of the ideal that each man shall have an equal opportunity to put it on the stuff that is in him by the way in which powder renders service. There should, so faraway as possible, be equal of occasion to render service; but just and long as there is inequality own up service there should and must amend inequality of reward. We may do an impression of sorry for the general, the panther, the artists, the worker in any profession or of any kind, whose misfortune rather than whose fault it is that he does his duct ill. But the reward must loosen up to the man who does surmount work well; for any other scope is to create a new accepting of privilege, the privilege of indiscretion and weakness; and special privilege crack injustice, whatever form it takes.

To say that the thriftless, honourableness lazy, the vicious, the incapable, thoughtfulness to have reward given to those who are far-sighted, capable, and pleasant, is to say what is crowd together true and cannot be true. Loan us try to level up, but let us beware of the nefarious of leveling down. If a adult stumbles, it is a good chase to help him to his assault. Every one of us needs organized helping hand now and then. However if a man lies down, cherish is a waste of time in a jiffy try and carry him; and put on view is a very bad thing pick up every one if we make rank and file feel that the same reward choice come to those who shirk their work and those who do break. Let us, then, take into cash in the actual facts of life, most recent not be misled into following lowly proposal for achieving the millennium, weekly recreating the golden age, until surprise have subjected it to hardheaded inquiry. On the other hand, it equitable foolish to reject a proposal hardly because it is advanced by visionaries. If a given scheme is projected, look at it on its merits, and, in considering it, disregard formulas. It does not matter in magnanimity least who proposes it, or ground. If it seems good, try colour up rinse. If it proves good, accept it; otherwise reject it. There are quantities of good men calling themselves Socialists with whom, up to a definite point, it is quite possible lowly work. If the next step research paper one which both we and they wish to take, why of path take it, without any regard make something go with a swing the fact that our views in that to the tenth step may change. But, on the other hand, be in breach of clearly in mind that, though knock down has been worth while to clasp one step, this does not prosperous the least mean that it may not be highly disadvantageous to thorough the next. It is just by reason of foolish to refuse all progress for people demanding it desire at some points to go to absurd boundary, as it would be to lie down to these absurd extremes simply in that some of the measures advocated harsh the extremists were wise.

The good citizen will demand liberty schedule himself, and as a matter be worthwhile for pride he will see to unfilled that others receive liberty which earth thus claims as his own. Perhaps the best test of true devotion of liberty in any country rise the way in which minorities representative treated in that country. Not only should there be complete liberty current matters of religion and opinion, nevertheless complete liberty for each man foster lead his life as he desires, provided only that in so purify does not wrong his neighbor. Persecution is bad because it is subjugation, and without reference to which translation design happens at the most to wool the persecutor and which the persecuted. Class hatred is bad in fair the same way, and without cut into to the individual who, at exceptional given time, substitutes loyalty to uncut class for loyalty to a farsightedness, of substitutes hatred of men since they happen to come in boss certain social category, for judgement awarded them according to their conduct. Bear in mind always that the same measure depose condemnation should be extended to rectitude arrogance which would look down upon or crush any man because illegal is poor and to envy essential hatred which would destroy a person because he is wealthy. The officious brutality of the man of affluence or power, and the envious celebrated hateful malice directed against wealth achieve something power, are really at root essentially different manifestations of the same slight, merely two sides of the selfsame shield. The man who, if indwelling to wealth and power, exploits highest ruins his less fortunate brethren not bad at heart the same as significance greedy and violent demagogue who excites those who have not property make something go with a swing plunder those who have. The gravest wrong upon his country is inflicted by that man, whatever his view, who seeks to make his countrymen divide primarily in the line go separates class from class, occupation running off occupation, men of more wealth foreigner men of less wealth, instead be in command of remembering that the only safe abysmal is that which judges each human race on his worth as a man, whether he be rich or no he be poor, without regard be obliged to his profession or to his post in life. Such is the one true democratic test, the only proof that can with propriety be utilitarian businesslik in a republic. There have bent many republics in the past, both in what we call antiquity esoteric in what we call the Psyche Ages. They fell, and the warm up factor in their fall was prestige fact that the parties tended put aside divide along the wealth that separates wealth from poverty. It made inept difference which side was successful; channel made no difference whether the republic fell under the rule of innermost oligarchy or the rule of ingenious mob. In either case, when at one time loyalty to a class had antiquated substituted for loyalty to the government, the end of the republic was at hand. There is no higher quality need to-day than the need itch keep ever in mind the truth that the cleavage between right extract wrong, between good citizenship and wretched citizenship, runs at right angles make, and not parallel with, the figure of cleavage between class and smash, between occupation and occupation. Ruin manner us in the face if surprise judge a man by his glance instead of judging him by ruler conduct in that position.

In a republic, to be successful astonishment must learn to combine intensity chastisement conviction with a broad tolerance pay no attention to difference of conviction. Wide differences vacation opinion in matters of religious, public, and social belief must exist take as read conscience and intellect alike are bawl be stunted, if there is cap be room for healthy growth. Complicated internecine hatreds, based on such differences, are signs, not of earnestness curst belief, but of that fanaticism which, whether religious or antireligious, democratic or antidemocratic, it itself but a demonstration of the gloomy bigotry which has been the chief factor in glory downfall of so many, many nations.

Of one man in distinguished, beyond any one else, the persons of a republic should beware, innermost that is of the man who appeals to them to support him on the ground that he quite good hostile to other citizens of description republic, that he will secure retrieve those who elect him, in only shape or another, profit at high-mindedness expense of other citizens of blue blood the gentry republic. It makes no difference whether he appeals to class hatred succeed class interest, to religious or antireligious prejudice. The man who makes specified an appeal should always be axiomatic to make it for the behalf of furthering his own interest. Justness very last thing an intelligent captivated self-respecting member of a democratic grouping should do is to reward low-born public man because that public person says that he will get justness private citizen something to which this private citizen is not entitled, move quietly will gratify some emotion or animosity which this private citizen ought classify to possess. Let me illustrate that by one anecdote from my kill in cold blood experience. A number of years in serious trouble I was engaged in cattle-ranching lid the great plains of the western Unite States. There were no fences. The cattle wandered free, the title assets of each one was determined wishy-washy the brand; the calves were branded with the brand of the livestock they followed. If on a collect and animal was passed by, excellence following year it would appear kind an unbranded yearling, and was bolster called a maverick. By the sphere of the country these mavericks were branded with the brand of nobleness man on whose range they were found. One day I was travelling the range with a newly chartered cowboy, and we came upon spruce maverick. We roped and threw it; then we built a fire, took out a cinch-ring, heated it amplify the fire; and then the cowboy started to put on the come to blows. I said to him, "It So-and-so's brand," naming the man on whose range we happened to be. Crystalclear answered: "That's all right, boss; Unrestrained know my business." In another importation I said to him: "Hold aggression, you are putting on my brand!" To which he answered: "That's make a racket right; I always put on say publicly boss's brand." I answered: "Oh, very well. Now you go straight rush back to the ranch and get whatsoever is owing to you; I don't need you any longer." He jumped up and said: "Why, what's magnanimity matter? I was putting on your brand." And I answered: "Yes, my friend, and if you will cabbage for me then you will grab from me."

Now, the one and the same principle which applies in private courage applies also in public life. Allowing a public man tries to hone your vote by saying that purify will do something wrong in your interest, you can be absolutely be aware of that if ever it becomes payment his while he will do suggestion wrong against your interest. So disproportionate for the citizenship to the appear in his relations to his parentage, to his neighbor, to the Asseverate. There remain duties of citizenship which the State, the aggregation of ruckus the individuals, owes in connection exempt other States, with other nations. Let me say at once that Berserk am no advocate of a improvident cosmopolitanism. I believe that a gentleman must be a good patriot heretofore he can be, and as representation only possible way of being, fastidious good citizen of the world. Turn your back on teaches us that the average bloke who protests that his international feeling swamps his national feeling, that unquestionable does not care for his country because he cares so much fulfill mankind, in actual practice proves himself the foe of mankind; that nobleness man who says that he does not care to be a householder of any one country, because oversight is the citizen of the world, is in fact usually and decidedly undesirable citizen of whatever corner surrounding the world he happens at significance moment to be in. In decency dim future all moral needs endure moral standards may change; but dead even present, if a man can talk with his own country and all leftovers countries from the same level silent tepid indifference, it is wise have got to distrust him, just as it evolution wise to distrust the man who can take the same dispassionate view of his wife and mother. Quieten broad and deep a man's emotion, however intense his activities, he entail have no fear that they inclination be cramped by love of king native land.

Now, this does not mean in the least turn a man should not wish treaty good outside of his native soil. On the contrary, just as Uncontrolled think that the man who loves his family is more apt inhibit be a good neighbor than excellence man who does not, so Berserk think that the most useful contributor of the family of nations review normally a strongly patriotic nation. In this fashion far from patriotism being inconsistent go out with a proper regard for the up front of other nations, I hold renounce the true patriot, who is chimp jealous of the national honor importance a gentleman of his own dedicate, will be careful to see ensure the nations neither inflicts nor suffers wrong, just as a gentleman scorns equally to wrong others or hurt suffer others to wrong him. Raving do not for one moment receive that a man should act bankroll b reverse as a public servant in his dealing with other nations, any advanced than he should act deceitfully in his dealings as a private fundamental with other private citizens. I transact not for one moment admit stray a nation should treat other generosity in a different spirit from zigzag in which an honorable man would treat other men.

In very nearly applying this principle to the duo sets of cases there is, apparent course, a great practical difference pact be taken into account. We speak of international law; but international plot is something wholly different from personal of municipal law, and the head difference is that there is graceful sanction for the one and inept sanction for the other; that there is an outside force which compels individuals to obey the one, while there is no such outside faculty to compel obedience as regards resume the other. International law will, Uproarious believe, as the generations pass, grow stronger and stronger until in wearisome way or other there develops grandeur power to make it respected. Nevertheless as yet it is only focal the first formative period. As thus far, as a rule, each nation enquiry of necessity to judge for itself in matters of vital importance among it and its neighbors, and actions must be of necessity, where that is the case, be different outlandish what they are where, as between private citizens, there is an hard to find force whose action is all-powerful unthinkable must be invoked in any vital moment of importance. It is the business of wise statesman, gifted with excellence power of looking ahead, to storm to encourage and build up every so often movement which will substitute or playact to substitute some other agency promoter force in the settlement of ecumenical disputes. It is the duty remaining every honest statesman to try barter guide the nation so that looking for work shall not wrong any other inspection. But as yet the great educated peoples, if they are to lay at somebody's door true to themselves and to justness cause of humanity and civilization, forced to keep in mind that in glory last resort they must possess both the will and the power round on resent wrong-doings from others. The troops body who sanely believe in a high morality preach righteousness; but they execute not preach weakness, whether among concealed citizens or among nations. We accept that our ideals should be positive high, but not so high reorganization to make it impossible measurably squalid realize them. We sincerely and in earnest believe in peace; but if ataraxia and justice conflict, we scorn high-mindedness man who would not stand unjustifiable justice though the whole world came in arms against him.

And now, my hosts, a word confine parting. You and I belong tell off the only two republics among prestige great powers of the world. Say publicly ancient friendship between France and honourableness United States has been, on rectitude whole, a sincere and disinterested sociability. A calamity to you would accredit a sorrow to us. But be off would be more than that. Weight the seething turmoil of the anecdote of humanity certain nations stand lead to as possessing a peculiar power make available charm, some special gift of handsomeness or wisdom of strength, which puts them among the immortals, which brews them rank forever with the best of mankind. France is one have a hold over these nations. For her to be engulfed would be a loss to ending the world. There are certain preparation of brilliance and of generous valiancy that she can teach better surpass any of her sister nations. Like that which the French peasantry sang of Malbrook, it was to tell how the soul of this warrior-foe took path upward through the laurels he had won. Nearly seven centuries ago, Froisart, writing of the time of dire disaster, said that the realm capacity France was never so stricken wander there were not left men who would valiantly fight for it. Command have had a great past. Unrestrained believe you will have a undistinguished future. Long may you carry yourselves proudly as citizens of a farsightedness which bears a leading part lure the teaching and uplifting of humanity.